Introduction
The Medicare Regulations are written for the teaching hospital and its medical residency training model and translating the regulations language to the optometric clinical training model is difficult. Medicare generally does not recognize student-provided services as billable. (1)
Application of Medicare Regulations
Examination procedures performed by optometry students cannot be billed to Medicare and some third-party plans, with the exception of the student collected Review of Systems, Past Family and/or Social History. This is the only element of the examination that does not have to be repeated by the billing physician.
Students may “practice” by performing the entire examination but their findings cannot be used or referred to in order to bill Medicare with the exception of student collected Review of Systems, Past Family/Social History.
The billing physician (preceptor) must repeat the examination with the exception of Review of Systems, Past Family/Social History ignoring the student’s findings, and document all findings and the management plan in his/her hand writing or by computer entry using the preceptor’s entry code. (2)
Comments Related to Applying Medicare Regulations as Written
“Incident to” or physician extender rationale does not apply, since students are usually not employed or compensated and the regulations are clearly addressing student participation. However, if a student on an externship is employed by the billing physician, the physician extender or the services “incident to” rules may apply.
There is no recognition in the regulations for optometry’s competency-based progression of students in their clinical training program. All optometry students must be supervised in the same manner whether they are in their 2nd, 3rd or 4th professional year of clinical training. The regulations prevent billing for the gradual increase in student responsibility for patient evaluation and management. Medical students who receive some of their patient management training in clinical clerkships during the 3rd and 4th year of medical school are also not eligible for Medicare payment. However, post graduate residencies in medical specialties are recognized as contributing to the diagnosis and treatment of patients and Medicare permits teaching physicians to bill for services provided by residents. In contrast, optometry students must be prepared to practice after completion of their fourth professional year and are currently not eligible for participation in the Medicare program.
The regulations do not apply to procedures performed by the student in the course of the “practice examination” that are not billable to Medicare, e.g. refraction.
Implications of Applying Medicare Regulations as Written
If examination of a Medicare patient is “complaint driven,” it is billable to Medicare but a one physician to one student supervision ratio would be required. The other option is that the billing physician repeats the entire examination.
Repeating the examination places an extraordinary burden of time and personal inconvenience on the Medicare Beneficiary which would likely force the Beneficiary away from a source of accessible eye care.
Patient services revenues would be reduced because of the extra time required to repeat the examination by the billing physician. One to one supervision would not be financially feasible since most optometry schools operate their own clinical training program for at least one class of students. The financial implications of increases in the clinical work force and reduction of revenues would be significant for many schools and colleges of optometry.
The financial implications of applying the Medicare regulations also would likely result in the Medicare population being restricted in optometric teaching clinics; resulting in reduced access to care for Medicare Beneficiaries and a clear detriment to the students’ clinical education.
Institutional externship sites such as Federal facilities and established medical institutions have their own student supervision directives. In general schools and colleges of optometry generally do not always know if private practice externship sites strictly apply Medicare regulations, although it is recommended that externships follow Medicare regulations and the externship sites supervise optometry students accordingly.
Conclusion
There does not appear to be an easy solution to the issues described above without a major change in Medicare policy or the optometric clinical training model. (3)
For further details please see: Development of a New Clinical Training Model.
Footnotes:
(1) Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Program Memorandum, AB-01-56, 04/11/2001, Change Request 1498, “Q & A Regarding Payment of Therapy Student Services Under Medicare Part B”
DHHS Medicare Carriers Manual, Transmittal, 1780 Section 15016, C2 Evaluation/Management Service Documentation Provided by Students
(2) Under Medicare policy, optometrists are considered physicians and billing physician as used above refers to licensed optometrists including licensed optometric residents (preceptors).
(3) Mullen, Charles F. “Development of a New Optometric Clinical Training Model” Journal of Optometric Education, Fall 2006